Thursday, December 26, 2019

Threat Vectors For Cyber Security - 965 Words

Threat Vectors There are three main areas identified as threat vectors for cyber security in relation to CIP: IT networks, insider threats, and equipment and software. Normally, ICS operate on an internal network, called OT (Operational Technology). Occasionally, this isolated network requires a connection to the organization’s corporate network (IT) for routine operation and management. As displayed in the Ukraine blackout, cyber threats infiltrate an organization’s IT systems in order to access ICS networks on the OT network. The methods used to achieve access are often not complex procedures and â€Å"can be achieved using a wide array of methods, such as spear phishing, malicious URLs, drive-by attacks† (p. 1). Upon infiltration of an IT network, the threat searches for a lapse in the cyber security program in order to access the OT networks that regulate CI. The second threat vector, insider threat, entails IT networks and OT networks. This threat can arise from negligence or sabotage by members within the organization (intentional or accidental). The structure of an OT network is normally not as complex as an IT network and more susceptible to insider threats. As stated by Epstein (2016), â€Å"OT networks are usually flat with little or no segmentation, and SCADA systems have outdated software versions that go unpatched regularly† (p. 2). Thus, an unsuspecting employee that disregards protocol by disabling/weakening security settings or connects a private network to theShow MoreRelatedCyber Security Case Analysis961 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy and the perspective attach vectors, an impact assessment was completed and counter measures identified. The counter measures also addressed the areas of current weaknesses and emerging weaknesses in hopes to maintain a strong cyber security posture. For current technology vulnerability the outdated antivirus was used an example that pertains to all corporations to include Yahoo!, where malware can be introduced into the companies system. The attack vector for this vulnerability occurs throughRead MoreInformation Assurance Certification And Accreditation Process1987 Words   |  8 PagesCisco 2014 Midyear Security Report estimates there will be 50 Billion things on the Internet by 2020. Combine this with 91% increase in targeted attacks, 62% increase in data breaches, 552M identities compromised in 2013 reported by Symantec in their 2014 Internet Security Threat Report and visions of cyber security chaos begins to appear. The scope of this paper cannot cover cyber security threat to the entire Internet or such a broad topic as cyber security threat in general. The intent of thisRead MoreIntegration Of Threat Intel And Incident Response. In Today’S1100 Words   |  5 PagesIntegration of Threat Intel and Incident Respons e In today’s modern world of security threats, intelligence and the ability to respond to incidents are the keys to survival. As technology continues to change and advance, we also must change our security procedure and techniques. Dina Evans from LookingGlass has a good definition of threat intelligence, â€Å"We define threat intelligence as the combination of technical and contextual information regarding existing or emerging threats from all availableRead MoreCritical National Infrastructures And National Security1563 Words   |  7 PagesInfrastructures and National Security Week Seven Research Paper Russian and Chinese Advanced Persistent Threat Groups Utica College October 15, 2016 Introduction In this paper I will discuss a total of four Advanced Persistent Threat Groups (APT). I will discuss their motives, attack objectives, targets of the attacks, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP), and attack vectors. I will propose strategies that would deter and provide defense against the group or that type of threat. I will also discussRead MoreCyber Threat Intelligence Based On Cyber Threats1612 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Security Officers must obtain a consensus for which mitigating controls are key, which can be a trying negotiation between the CISO, Chief Technology Officer, Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI), Infrastructure Engineering, Audit and Assurance teams, and the Investment and Audit committees. How do you harness your entire organization to focus on a common agreed-upon list of key security controls? By defining key controls based on cyber threats (translated into business risks), an organizationRead MoreA Brief Note On Terrorism And The European Charter Of Human Rights1073 Words   |  5 PagesIt’s noted that the greatest threat Europe faces isn’t cyberwarfare, cyber terrorism, or espionage, but rather software and hardware failure. (Information Management Journal, 2015). One of the key challenges to resolving infrastructure weakness is that each country approaches it differently. In recent years, cybersecurity was an intermediary international concern in Europe and privacy was the principal concern for Europeans. On the Internet, Europeans promote the â€Å"right to be forgotten† and theyRead MoreWhy Security Controls Is Important Than Which Controls You Put On A Compliance Checklist1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Where to put security controls and how to design them is more important than which controls you put on a compliance checklist. Identifying and prioritizing key security controls, however, is part art and part science. By defining key controls based on cyber risks (translated into business risks), an organization can more easily right-size the its control set and adapt it to their needs. Information Security risk assessment processes that are near real-time, gated by a change controlRead MoreSecurity Controls For Effective Cyber Defense1196 Words   |  5 PagesMitigating Actions Using the 20 Critical Security Controls†, was written from the view of an external security consultant â€Å"Philip G. Rynn†, and published by the SANS Institute, which is an educational organization that has the largest collection of research documents regarding information security. The paper correctly examined the United Airlines breach in May 2015 and offered near, mid and long-term actions that should be executed by the United Airlines’ senior security staff to alleviate the effects ofRead MoreCyber Case Study912 Words   |  4 Pagesfor cyber criminals these days. At the same time, greater conne ctivity provides more potential attack vectors. Below are some of the cyber threats that educational institutions come across. IT security threats can be classified into mainly 4 categories: Internal External Physical Social engineering and software driven Internal security threats Employees - In the 2016 Cyber Security Intelligence Index, IBM found that 60% of all attacks were carried out by insiders. Employees can be a threat in variousRead MoreA Report On The Cyber Security Triad1133 Words   |  5 Pagestargeted- and breached- by cyber attackers that are intent on economic theft and/or operational disruption. Just a few years ago, industrial control system (ICS) operators could never have imagined the malicious attacks cyber adversaries are executing DAILY. The New Reality is clear: technical sophistication of attacks can only be offset by a sound defense-in-depth approach. ICS systems thrive on availability more than confidentiality and integrity (the â€Å"Cyber Security Triad†) which enables the

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

The Effects Of Caffeine Addicted Individuals Can Take...

breathing, is vomiting, having hallucinations, some chest pain, and if the individual is having irregular or fast heartbeats. Not just the an individual can have an overdose, if a breast feeding mother is consuming an increased amount of caffeine, babies can also suffer from caffeine overdose. This can happen when the mother’s breast milk contains excessive amounts of caffeine and is breast feeding a baby at the same time (James, Kristjà ¡nsson, Sigfà ºsdà ³ttir, 2010). Treatment Caffeine addicted individuals can take action for the addictions. Since the withdrawal of caffeine can be unpleasant, individuals should slowly cut back one cup every three days until they are consuming no caffeine. This gradually decreases the intake consumed, which doesn’t cause the severe withdrawal symptoms an individual could have and makes the process more tolerable for the individual. (Maisto, Galizio, Connors, 2011). Sleep While there is some research done on sleep patterns, there is a decline in the research when it comes to college-age students and young adults. In a survey done at a private Midwestern University of approximately 1,125 students, only about 30% of students reported getting eight hours of sleep or more per night, which is considered to be the recommended amount needed during this developmental phase (Lund, Reider, Whiting, Prichard, 2009). When an individual has multiple nights lacking sleep in a row, they will require more sleep than normal to account for thisShow MoreRelatedCoffee And An Injection Full Of Coffee Beans1519 Words   |  7 PagesSlide #1: Cup of coffee w/an injection full of coffee beans Health Canada states that 60 percent of Canadian adults take in caffeine through coffee, while 30 percent get their fix with tea. The remaining 10 percent of Canadians consumption of caffeine comes from pop, energy drinks, chocolate and medications [Best Health Mag]. Coffee drinkers can suffer from the draining side effects of a drug they didn’t realize they were taking daily; Caffeine.This is a big issue in today’s society and affectingRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Alcohol On The Brain846 Words   |  4 PagesWhat really is an addiction? Why and how do such individuals get hooked on something and cannot seem to part ways? Many bystanders and outsiders seem to be puzzled on why or how others become addicted to drugs and alcohol. This has been an ongoing issue still current in today’s society. â€Å"It is often mistakenly assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their beha vior† (Understanding Drug). Same thing goes for theRead MoreHigh Impulsivity And Novelty Seeking Drugs875 Words   |  4 Pagesimpulsivity and novelty-seeking (which are behavioral markers of addictive drugs) place individuals in the vulnerability of compulsive seeking of the drug. The researchers used laboratory rats to test the vulnerability. Researchers found that high reactivity to novelty predicted the likelihood of rats seeking cocaine self-administration. However, high impulsivity seemed to predict the development of addiction like behavior in the laboratory rats. The results obtained by researchers has changed theRead MoreExercise Addiction Essay2376 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Addiction is a Disease Addiction is all around us. It may be that cup of coffee in the morning for the caffeine stimulation, the cigarette that is smoked for the nicotine, or an alcoholic drink used to relieve a stressful day or situation. For some, the addiction may not be to a substance, but to compulsive behaviors such as gambling, playing video games, or shopping. Consequences to addictions can impact an addict’s physical or mental state. Addiction can also have detrimental impact on the peopleRead MoreHow The Brain Effects Cocaine Dependent Individuals And Treatment1468 Words   |  6 PagesHow the Brain Effects Cocaine Dependent Individuals and Treatment One of the most addictive substances in the modern society that is increasingly abused is cocaine, which is a drug that generates several problems in the society and today’s health care programs. As a result of the increased use of this drug, users sometime develop cocaine addiction or dependence, which is a condition characterized by an overwhelming psychological desire to use the drug regularly. Despite its associated psychologicalRead MoreMarijuana s Active Ingredient Is Tetrahydrocannabinol ( Thc )1189 Words   |  5 Pagesimmediate effect on the brain and other drugs. The drug comes from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa and it’s the seeds and leaves that are used and also the flowers are usually dried. (Above the Influence, 2015) THC resembles a neurotransmitter anandamide and mimics its actions. When THC binds to cannabinoid receptors it removes the refractory period in neurons. Refractory period is when excitable cells are not able to respond to stimuli as the cell needs to recover after firing an action potentialsRead MorePsychoactive Drugs Can Have On An Individual s Brain1612 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the affects that psychoactive drugs can have on an individual’s brain, one has to first define the term, dissect the history and use, know what factors cause addiction, and what leads to drug dependency. What is a psychoactive drug? A psychoactive drug, psycho-pharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, or consciousness (drug, n.d). Typically the term drug alone can be seen or associated with a positive orRead MorePsychoactive Drug Addiction2235 Words   |  9 PagesA narrow definition of the term addictio n refers to habitual psychological and physiological dependence on a substance beyond one s voluntary control. Terms such as workaholic, sex addict, and computer junkie arose to describe behaviors that have features in common with alcoholism and other substance addictions. Substance addiction is a multi-pronged system in which lifestyle has a role but the biology of a person s body is a major factor. These substances, which are called psychoactive drugsRead MorePRESCRIPTION MEDECINS USE AND ABUSE 22408 Words   |  10 Pagesconsumption effects of brief interventions for hazardous drinking elderly. Substance Use and Misuse†, p.1017-1035. 5. Patterson Thomas, Lacro Jonathan and Dilip V. Jeste, â€Å"Abuse and Misuse of Medications in the Elderly†. Psychiatric Times April 1999 Vol. XVI Issue 4. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION Attention-getter: Do you know that prescription medicine abuse is a modern-day disease and over six million American have abuse prescription medication? Thesis Statement: Some of the prescription medicine can causeRead MoreEssay on Effects of Cocaine, Seratonin and Melatonin on the Brain2623 Words   |  11 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: The human brain is the most complex organ in the body. Its functions control every aspect of life. It is important to attempt to comprehend the workings of the brain and to learn the effects of natural and unnatural substances on it. In order to look at chemical effects on the brain, one must first get an understanding for the chemicals as well as how the brain works to interpret and react to signals set out by these chemicals, rhythmically and physiologically. Several chemicals observed

Monday, December 9, 2019

Some Current Data-mining Projects and their Advantages and Critism

Question: Describe the advantages and critism of some current data-mining projects. Answer: Introduction: Information mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of training structure. It is the plan able method of exploring crate in generous data sets counting methodologies at the blending of artificial mental ability, estimations, and database structures. Information mining is the way toward applying these techniques with the aim of revealing shrouded designs in vast information sets. It overcomes any issues from connected measurements and counterfeit consciousness (which for the most part give the scientific foundation) to database administration by abusing the way information is put away and recorded in databases to execute the genuine learning and revelation calculations all the more productively, permitting such strategies to be connected to ever bigger information sets(Denrell Liu, 2012). Employee Performance Evaluation For Top Performers Recruitment: Basic Concept behind the Employee Performance Evaluation: In the past couple of decades, affiliations were particularly stressed over the change and presentation of their delegates moreover thinking about on execution organization. Right away, Organizations are taking after the new case of working and doing assignments to take after the focuses and mission of it. To fulfill this new modernized thought of snappy and imaginative change, they are understanding the importance and use of new procedures for execution organization (Handschke, Kerekes, and Walgenbach, 2014). Affiliations have recognized the criticalness of execution examination and it has been found in the occurrences of all colossal multinational associations that they have realized the execution assessment structures to overhaul the effectiveness of their delegates. There are combinations of substitute perspectives that unmistakable the importance of execution organization and its estimation. Affiliation should display real and sensible points of view of execution assessment to get trust of the specialists, their unwaveringness and work satisfaction are the rule focus of any progressive accomplishment. Through ordinary execution estimation's, organization can get the best reliance of specialists (Ho, Lee, and Wu, 2009). Benefits: The execution examination permits the workers to get the money related and non-fiscal prizes from the administration, here it additionally give the most critical advantage for representatives that it allows to get sensible time for coordinated exchange on the execution over the timeframe. This discourse amongst representative and administrator permits examining the principle issues that are obstacle in the execution and work concerns tended to. It can see from everywhere throughout the world associations, the criticism of execution examination says that it makes a solid bond amongst subordinate and chief just if the evaluation is directed legitimately and reasonably. This procedure additionally gives the chance to representatives to survey their exhibitions and talk about the issues and troubles they are confronting in the work furthermore it gives the way to pick up the points and goals later on time. This collaboration of subordinates and managers give the chance to help the future objectives. In this way it upgrades the profitability. In this way, this procedure gives the best time to representatives to have visit with the managers with no obstruction and direction. The significance of this procedure ought not be belittled as this is the basic piece of execution evaluation framework. In addition this procedure permits the bosses and workers to talk about the future targets and, preparing and pivot need introduction and improvement, if necessary. In this exchange, the chiefs and the subordinates talk about the different issues about the present and the missing working aptitudes, vocation improvement and what could possibly be done what's to come (McCracken Sanderson, 2004). E Commerce Product Rating Based On Customer Review Mining: Basic know-how's of E Commerce Product Rating: E-business applications can be separated into three classes. To start with is an inside business framework in which client relationship administration (CRM), Enterprise asset arranging (ERP), and Human Resource administration (HRM) sort of frameworks are included. Second is endeavor correspondence and cooperation, for example, content administration framework (CMS), business process administration (BPM) and web conferencing and so forth. Third is e-trade that incorporates Business-to-business (B2B) e-business and Business-to-client (B2C) e-business. Internet shopping goes under this classification on which this study is led (Choi, Yoo, Kim, Suh, 2012). Buyer unwaveringness implies the extent to which customers are content with the things and organizations gave by a business. Shopper reliability levels can be measured using study techniques and reviews. Expanding a lot of purchaser reliability is basic to a business in light of the way that satisfied customers are well while in transit to be dependable and to make reiterated orchestrates and to use a broad assortment of organizations offered by a business(Wang, Li, Liu, and Zhang, 2015). Purchaser steadfastness is a hypothetical thought and the genuine appearance of the state of satisfaction will move from individual to individual and thing/organization to thing or organization. The level of satisfaction can in like manner movement dependent upon various options the customer may have and distinctive things against which the customer can consider the affiliation's things or organizations (Nahm, 2013). Advantages of E-Commerce Rating: The general fulfillment of e-trade clients can be accomplished by giving the level of administration quality that clients see in that framework. The five measurements of administration quality are unmistakable quality, unwavering quality, responsiveness, certification and compassion. The site structure of an e-business sites is about the unmistakable quality measurement. The dependability measurement in this study is measured by the quality called site ampleness. The site reaction variable demonstrates the responsiveness measurement. Site security as another quality of an e-business framework alludes to the certification measurement and the sympathy measurement depicted by the site customization. The general consumer loyalty depends on the five administration quality measurements speaking to different administration properties: unmistakable quality, unwavering quality, affirmation, responsiveness and sympathy. The point by point model utilized as a part of this study is displayed in figure A. The site outline components are described into five unique sorts which should impact the five administration quality measurements. This study guesses that some site traits that depend on administration quality measurements affects an online consumer loyalty. At the end of the day, consumer loyalty's level will increment if the e-business framework gives a larger amount of administration quality through various site traits (Santoso Erdaka, 2015). Drawbacks or Criticism of E-Commerce Ratings: On the drawback, there have been a few inadequacies saw in e-trade arrangements. The first is conveyance. Since the merchandise are purchased on the web, the precise date of conveyance now and again does delayed. Indeed, even the delivery costs required in the process go up. The following one is that however you see the item on the site, you are not certain whether it works well, in actuality, and the way it is bundled. Obviously, no site would offer anybody wrong items and after that danger claims still one is questionable about the workability of the item. The article requested online may die in transit of its conveyance. In the event that the great is failing, then returning it again turns into an exceptionally troublesome employment since the installment is as of now made. Another worry thinks of the quantity of exchanges an individual is qualified for make. The greater part of the sites permit only each one in turn (Wang, Li, Liu, Zhang, 2015). Having specified the above weaknesses, no one can assume away the praise from e-business arrangements that they have without a doubt upset the way individuals shop on the web. Conclusion Employees ought to know the techniques for execution estimation they will be surveyed on, with the goal that they get the possibility of this procedure and can be set up for it. Each evaluation framework is not quite the same as other strategy so it ought to clarify that each worker is being assessed by a same technique so there is no unreasonable and impacted examination of any representative. It can be seen that accomplishment of E-business majors is that it really allows people to when in doubt partner with some amazingly loving and outstanding early puberty memories. It could be anything from social occasion baseball cards to toy warriors to Barbie dolls to doll houses, and so on. Another variable to consider is that people genuinely value the experience of the shopping bazaar. They value the pursuit. They acknowledge looking around for stock. The other part is that they genuinely value the restriction of the offering strategy. Everybody likes to get it, and everybody some way or another, shape, or edge, likes to wrangle a small piece over the expense. The e-bay closeout position licenses customers. The test that dependably stands up to an online trader is the way to go of making trust and certainty among clients. There are still an expansive number of individuals who don't utilize the Internet all the time, and there are, obviously, countless who have no enthusiasm for the Internet by any stretch of the imagination. Some of the time they avoid it since they are stressed over classification, protection issues and the expansive zone of trust and security. References Choi, K., Yoo, D., Kim, G., Suh, Y. (2012). A hybrid online-product recommendation system: Combining implicit rating-based collaborative filtering and sequential pattern analysis. Electronic Commerce Research And Applications, 11(4), 309-317. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2012.02.004 Denrell, J. Liu, C. (2012). Top performers are not the most impressive when extreme performance indicates unreliability. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 109(24), 9331-9336. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116048109 Handschke, S., Kerekes, R., Walgenbach, P. (2014). Effects of International Knowledge Transfer on the Performance of Teams of Top Performers. Academy Of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), 11521-11521. https://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.11521abstract Ho, J., Lee, L., Wu, A. (2009). How Changes in Compensation Plans Affect Employee Performance, Recruitment, and Retention: An Empirical Study of a Car Dealership. Contemporary Accounting Research, 26(1), 167-199. https://dx.doi.org/10.1506/car.26.1.6 Jehong Lee,. (2010). A Study on the Countries Responsivity of Country-of-Origin Product of the Korea Customer. International Commerce And Information Review, 12(1), 353-373. https://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.12.1.201003.353 McCracken, M. Sanderson, M. (2004). Trade union recruitment: strategic options?. Employee Relations, 26(3), 274-291. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425450410530655 Milos, M. (2009). Evaluation and performance characteristics of the coagulation system: ACL TOP analyzer - HemosIL reagents. International Journal Of Laboratory Hematology, 31(1), 26-35. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-553x.2007.00999.x Nahm, Y. (2013). New competitive priority rating method of customer requirements for customer-oriented product design. International Journal Of Precision Engineering And Manufacturing, 14(8), 1377-1385. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12541-013-0186-8 Santoso, A. Erdaka, A. (2015). Customer Loyalty in Collaborative Consumption Model: Empirical Study of CRM for Product-Service System-Based e-Commerce in Indonesia. Procedia Computer Science, 72, 543-551. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.162 Wang, F., Li, H., Liu, A., Zhang, X. (2015). Hybrid customer requirements rating method for customer-oriented product design using QFD. J. Of Syst. Eng. Electron., 26(3), 533-543. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsee.2015.00061

Monday, December 2, 2019

Slaghterhouse Five, By Kurt Vonnegut, Is A Story About Billy Pilgrims

Slaghterhouse Five, by Kurt Vonnegut, is a story about Billy Pilgrim's life as he lives in circular time frame. We bounce back and forth to the times of his marraige, time in Tralfamadore, and to the times in Dresden, Germany. It is a very well written book full of war criticism that makes you think about you're current position in life. Billy Pilgrim is purely one who can feel nothing and still get full credit for being alive. He tells the story in this book, as he gets thrown around into different time periods of his life. He starts off as an optometrist in Ilium, New York; where he soon became engaged to the daughter of the founder and owner of the school. Shortly after he suffered a mild nervous collapse. Billy oddly never really understood why he married Valencia Merble. After this it is hard for me to piece together quite what he is doing next, for he jumps around to different periods of time so frequently, but i guess he is taken to Tralfamadore sometime during his college years. Tralfamadore is the planet that he is taken to by his alien friends. They show him how foolish humanity looks from an outside view, and just how easy it is to live in peace. The Tralfamadorians can not understand why the earthlings fight instead of love. They place Billy in a sort of 'zoo'. He lives in a simulation of a house, just with no walls. They bring to Billy a beautiful actress by the name of Montana Wildhack who falls in love with Billy during her time there. The Tralfamadorians loved to see how they lived and reacted to each other. Billy is also to be sent into war. The only problem is that Billy has no desire to hurt anyone and ends up wandering around with no weapon, making his position well known to the enemy. If it wasnt for Roland Weary, he would have been blown to bits in the middle of an open road. Eventually they get captured and brought by train to a camp. Some died on the trains and the men had to withstand being cramped next to a dead man for days. When they got to the camp, they were fed and were able to watch performances. Billy ate nothing, and in turn saved himself from becoming sick like the others. They were shortly taken to Dresden, after the Russians could no longer stand looking at the Americans. They wrote bad reports about the condition of the army, complaining about how white they were, and how they were just a group of young boys thrown into a battle they shouldn't have been in. In Dresden, the men enjoyed some freedoms in between working. They could at least be allowed to go about the city, and not be restrained to a certain place. Billy mixed giant tubs of syrup, which he had hidden spoons to take constant tastes of. Soon Billy and the rest of the Americans were taken into another room of the slaughterhouse building number five. They were warned the great city was going to be attacked. They could hear the planes and fire above, and when they arose from their building, they realized they were the only ones left. Billy was glad to see the war over, now he could go back home. He enjoyed fooling the humans around him and reading his Kilgore Trout books, full of humor only few could understand. Bibliography this book is a bibliography

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Challenges Faced by Companies Entering Foriegn Markets Essays

Challenges Faced by Companies Entering Foriegn Markets Essays Challenges Faced by Companies Entering Foriegn Markets Essay Challenges Faced by Companies Entering Foriegn Markets Essay 1. Introduction Companies move into foreign markets for assorted grounds. In certain instances. it is towards accomplishing a needed gross revenues volume. In other cases. it might be a command to increase trade name consciousness. Other companies go into foreign markets to re-invigorate gross revenues after their merchandises have gone through their life rhythm – from origin to worsen – in place markets. Regardless of ground. traveling into a foreign market tends to bode great chances for companies. peculiarly if it entails functioning merchandises in an emerging economic system that has late become affluent plenty to afford such merchandises ; or selling a new but needful merchandise or service to a developed and affluent market. However. in foreign markets. challenges are every bit legion as chances. Some beginnings of challenges are discussed below. a ) Socio-Cultural Differences Companies tend to follow patterns that were successful in place markets without accommodating these theoretical accounts to suit the cultural dispositions of markets entered. When big cultural differences exist between the place state and that entered. such patterns may ensue in uneffective concern development and partnerships. An illustration is the now good known Chinese pattern of longer meetings in the command to go acquainted with possible spouses. compared to the Anglo-American pattern of brief to-the-point meetings. Adopting either attack in a market more inclined to the other. will no uncertainty hinder concern development. Language differences are other illustrations of socio-cultural differences that postulate challenges to companies come ining a foreign market. Language differences make effectual and efficient communicating hard between companies and local stakeholders. A light illustration is the Chevrolet Nova which was selling far below outlook in Latin America. Executives of General Motors could non understand why this was so until it was brought to their attending that. in Spanish no va means it doesn’t go . B ) Differences in Levels of Bureaucracy – Efficiency of Procedures and Processes Company enrollment. the gap of a bank history. acquiring import licenses. obtaining needed licences. etc. all reflect the easiness of making concern in a state every bit good as the degrees of bureaucratism that exist in that state. For companies used to comparatively low degrees of bureaucratism. come ining a market with significantly higher degrees of bureaucratism may ensue in unrealistic undertaking programs translated into unachieved execution. degree Celsius ) Differences in Availability of Skilled Human Resources Availability of a peculiar accomplishment in a company’s place market may ensue in givens about the handiness of the same accomplishment in the market entered. 4This occurred in Nigeria in 2001 when the first set of GSM licences were given to foreign companies – MTN and Econet ( both from South Africa ) . At the clip. neither entrant foresaw a famine of local skilled work force. This ended up bing both companies an unprecedented addition in wages and other disbursals associated with delivery in expatriate workers. The challenge of sourcing skilled labors in foreign markets is farther exacerbated when quotas exist on the figure expatriates allowed into the state entered despite the famine of local accomplishment. vitamin D ) Differences in Infrastructure Predominating substructure affects how companies operate. Predominating transit substructure impact how companies move goods and forces for service bringing ; market substructure impact how participants on a given value concatenation relate with one another ; and the degree of basic substructure such as power and H2O affect cost allotments and direction. For companies come ining a foreign market. failure to take into history the infrastructural base of the market entered may ensue in uneffective and or inefficient operating programs and procedures. vitamin E ) Legislation Favouring Local Companies Unsupportive statute law is another major beginning of challenges to companies come ining foreign markets. States tend to ordain Torahs intended to protect or enable local industries. These statute laws take many signifiers. They could be straight-out levies on foreign concerns ; or forbiddance of the activities or direction construction of foreign companies ; or may be through more indirect agencies such as needed licences or licenses to run ; cumbersome enrollment procedures or license processs. 4 David Ogah. Expatriates. some semi-skilled. take over even humble occupations from Nigerians . The Guardian Newspaper Nigeria. December 21 2011. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ngrguardiannews. com/index. php? option=com_content A ; view=article A ; id=71436: expatriates-some-semi-skilled-take-over-even-menial-jobs-from-nigerians- A ; catid=72: focal point A ; Itemid=598. accessed August 2012. 3. NIGERIAN E-COMMERCE E-commerce is the purchasing and merchandising of merchandises or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computing machine webs. E-commerce uses the World Wide Web at one point in the transaction’s life-cycle. although it may include a wider scope of engineerings such as electronic mail. nomadic devices and telephones. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The major clients of e-commerce concerns are persons populating in major urban Centres in Nigeria. notably Lagos. the commercial capital ; Abuja. the political capital ; and Port Harcourt. an oil rich metropolis in Southern Nigeria ; as these metropoliss tend to house the highest figure of cyberspace users in Nigeria. 5Nigeria has over 47 million cyberspace users. with a bulk of them populating in the urban metropoliss. In the mid 2000s. a twosome of e-commerce companies were launched in Nigeria. They hardly survived. The ground for their death. or in other instances. dead growing. was the trouble of acquiring clients to encompass the e-payment options available in Nigeria at that clip. This trouble was due to known instances of fraud that occurred over the insecurity of Interswitch. the lone e-payment platform available in Nigeria at that clip. However. with the entryway of major card payment solutions like Master card and Visa card in 2006. coupled with the improved security characteristics of Interswitch. the industry experienced an addition in the figure of Nigerians put to deathing on-line payments. 6 ( on-line minutess grew by 25 % in 2011 ) Prior to the terminal of the first one-fourth of 2012. the Nigerian e-commerce scene had been slightly tepid as the lone vibrant participants were Dealdey. com and Wakanow. com. At the beginning of the 2nd one-fourth. the sector experienced an addition in the figure of e-commerce company in Nigeria. amongst which were Rocket Internet’s Sabunta. com and Kasuwa. com. The long-run mentality for the e-commerce industry in Nigeria is positive. with analysts foretelling a important addition in new entrants. The execution of the usage of nomadic money in Nigeria by the Central Bank of Nigeria is expected to speed up the development of the e-commerce industry in Nigeria. as nomadic money allows a greater figure of persons engage in electronic minutess. Presently. the Nigerian e-commerce industry has somewhat over 70 companies. though the industry is yet to hold an estimated dollar value. Companies in the sector are categorized into: a. Manner Retailers These are on-line manner stores that chiefly sell places. apparels and other manner accoutrements. Major participants in this class are Sabunta. com. Kamdora. com. Taafoo. com and 3stitches. com. The clear leader among them is Sabunta. despite the fact that the platform was launched less than 3 months ago while most other participants have been in the scene for significantly longer. Sabunta offers a wider scope of international trade names and possesses a more incorporate logistic supply concatenation. This makes them more capable of functioning clients all around Nigeria than rivals. B. Travel and Tourism These are chiefly on-line companies that sell travel and circuit bundles. The clear market leader is Wakanow. com with a current turnover of 35 million naira ( N35 million ) per month. Other participants in this sector belong to private air hose operators e. g. World Wide Web. fly. arikair. com. World Wide Web. myairnigeria. com. etc c. Electronic Gadgets and Books These are companies that sell electronic appliances and books online. The major participants in this class are Kasuwa. com and Konga. com. It is nevertheless hard to state who the bigger participant is. Both participants are less than 3 months old. Apart from electronics. Konga. com besides retails babe and female makeup merchandises. d. Broad Product Retailers Players in this class include group-buying trade sites such as Dealdey. com. Buynownow. com and Buyright. game. The major participant with the largest market portion is Dealdey. com. It was launched in 2011 and possesses the most robust group-buying trade site in Nigeria. 2. SABUNTA. COM Sabunta. com is a manner online retail merchant that offers a broad scope of International and Nigerian manner trade names for sale in Nigeria. Sabunta. com is an e-commerce company owned by Jolali Global Resources Limited. a in private held company in Nigeria. put up and owned by the German Company. Rocket Internet. Rocket’s central office is the vivacious Centre of Berlin. Europe’s Silicon Valley. place to a web of 25 international Rocket offices that cover the operations of the company’s subordinates in developed and emerging markets. Rocket Internet is the largest. fastest and the most successful international on-line venture builder. It presently has over 50 on-line ventures in 7 continents where they are all playing in the top sections of the market. The primary focal point of Rocket is constructing proven. transaction-based concern theoretical accounts in the online and nomadic infinite. The company has been put to deathing this theoretical account since 2007 and have created over 100 market taking companies in over 40 ( 40 ) states. tonss of which have been exited successfully. The Rocket Internet Company is best known for cloning successful online concern in the US in other states where they play at the top of the market. In Europe. Rocket’s Zalando is presently the largest on-line manner retail merchant. Other good known companies owned and operated by Rocket include ; Wimdu in France. Zidora in Azerbaijan. Dafiti in Brazil. Mizado in Egypt. Locondo in Japan. The Iconic in Australia and Zando in South Africa. Sabunta. com and Kasuwa. com are Rocket’s operations in Nigeria. Both operate from their central offices in Lagos. Nigerian’s commercial capital. place to over 10 % of the country’s $ 413 billion GDP. Sabunta. com and Kasuwa. com service clients around utilizing warehouses in major urban metropoliss. However. Kasuwa. com sells electronic appliances and books. while Sabunta. com sells manner points. Sabunta. com provides clients with flexible online platforms to shop for manner points from the convenience of their places. and delivers these points at the doorsills of shoppers. The company provides flexible payment options including bank sedimentations. on-line payment. and its advanced payment-on-delivery option. really foremost introduced in Nigeria by Sabunta. com. Sabunta. com is immature. The company started operations on the 8th of June. 2012 and is presently merely three ( 3 ) months. Yet it has already become the largest and the fastest turning on-line manner retail merchant in Nigeria. with over a 100 orders per twenty-four hours. The company aims to keep its places as the largest and fastest turning in Nigeria. as is being achieved in other states by other Rocket Internet ventures worldwide. Sabunta. com presently has 71 staff. 24 % of whom are foreign subjects. The work force at Sabunta. com consists of alumnuss from Ivy conference universities in the US and Europe. every bit good as top endowment from Nigeria. Its direction squad consists of two foreign subjects and a Nigerian. 4. SABUNTA. COM TARGET MARKET The mark market for Sabunta. com is Nigeria’s upper and emerging middle-class life in major urban metropoliss in Nigeria. The age bracket of the typical Sabunta. com client is between 18 and 65. This age scope constitutes persons who are capable of purchasing or doing purchasing determinations with respects to manner points. The company’s targeted clients are nevertheless less than 10 % of the mentioned age scope. as the company targets persons with an one-year income of non less than N2million ( $ 12. 500 ) . Sabunta’s mark market constitutes of persons who live and work in major urban metropoliss of Nigeria such as Lagos. Abuja. Port Harcourt. Kano. Kaduna. Ibadan. Aba. Warri and Benin. These persons often utilize the cyberspace and assorted societal media platforms to interact with friends. household and co-workers. They are manner witting. voguish looking and want to show their personalities with the sort of outfits they wear. They besides recognize and wear popular international trade names and store for these trade names whenever they or friends and household travel abroad. 5. SABUNTA. COM STRATEGY Having carefully studied the Nigerian e-commerce scene. Sabunta. com concluded that the major job impeding take-off of e-commerce in Nigeria is the doubting nature of Nigerians towards on-line payments. The company responded by presenting the cash-payment-on-delivery option for its clients. Though the company offers regular recognition card and on-line payment options for those who want to make so. the cash-payment-on-delivery option was an ice-breaker: it made doubting Nigerians participate in on-line shopping. This enlarged the market of on-line shoppers. with Sabunta. com being the lone company to bask the backing of this new rush in on-line manner shoppers. Good public presentation on the portion of Sabunta. com further helped to implement their laterality. On clip bringing. even without holding received payment. helped to instil assurance in its mark market. To cut down jobs associated with fraudulence and larceny. normally by goons presenting as clients. Sabunta outsourced its bringing to Red Star Express. a taking Nigerian Franchisee of US planetary messenger trade name FEDEX – a major messenger company that has been in operations in Nigeria since 1992. known for its quality of service. Sabunta. com besides introduced assorted patterns that. though standard in mature e-commerce markets. were fresh and advanced in the turning Nigerian e-commerce market. These inventions include: a. Free Delivery and Return Policy Prior to Sabunta. com entry. no e-commerce company in Nigeria offered free bringing or allowed clients to return purchased goods. Sabunta. com entered the e-commerce scene offering a countrywide free bringing program every bit good as a return policy which allowed clients return goods bought within the first 14 yearss if they were non satisfied with the status in which it was delivered. To return goods. clients are allowed to drop the purchased points at any of the 158 Red Star Express offices situated in all the provinces in Nigeria at their convenience. This reduces the cost which clients incur during the return procedure. The ability to buy goods at no excess cost of bringing and to return these goods if dissatisfied at minimum costs make Sabunta. com a supplier of high quality at low costs – attributes that entreaty to the monetary value medium and yet choice sensitive Nigerian market. B. International Product Offer Sabunta. com recognizes that its mark market constitutes those familiar with and who wear International manner trade names. Consequently. the company spouses with sister manner companies around the universe. owned by the parent. Rocket Internet. to offer a big scope of international trade names – over 150 different trade names – to the Nigerian market. Sabunta. com enhances the show of international merchandises on its site. both those it has in stock every bit good as those in the stock of its sister companies around the universe. This allows the company function the diverse international gustatory sensations of the Nigerian market. and to react to swerve irrespective of its current stock. 6. Success For a company that has been in being for less than three months in a foreign market. Sabunta. com has been able to accomplish a batch of success and has been able to get the better of a important figure of envisaged challenges. Sabunta. com successes include: a. Exceeding Projected Gross Prior to come ining the Nigerian market. the direction of Sabunta projected gross of ˆ15. 000 from about 150 orders in the first one-fourth of concern. This projection was exceeded after the company’s first month of operations. The company found itself runing in a big market with a greater potency for online merchandises than it had envisaged or planned for. The consequence was a restructuring of its operations to run into the demand. B. Obtaining Local Supplies Bing an on-line manner shop. the ability to acquire local providers goes a long manner in finding the sum of net income made. Local supply eliminates the assorted cost associated with acquiring supplies from outside the state – [ The mean mark-up for goods sold on Sabunta. com is 50 % ] . The Sabunta. com squad was concerned about acquiring high quality local supplies for their concern as the figure and industry size of local manner providers were non gettable from official records or research archives. However. the company was cheerily surprised at the big figure of local manner providers resident in Nigeria. The consequence has been high mark-ups on locally produced and sold merchandises. This has lead to profitableness in less clip than projected. [ Sabunta. com presently makes an mean gross net income of 40 % while their operating and net net incomes are still in the negative ] . c. Finding Adequate Logistic Suppliers To guarantee seasonably and accurate countrywide bringing. Sabunta. com required services from bringing houses who possess best patterns every bit good as offer cost-effectiveness as a value proposition. The house understood that a weak or inconsistent logistics arm ( for illustration due to different qualities of bringing by several logistic spouses ) will ensue in negative client perceptual experience. This challenge was overcome through a partnership with Red Star Express – a Franchisee of the US international messenger and logistics service supplier. FEDEX. that has been runing in Nigeria since 1992. Red Star Express cognition of the country’s transit substructure AIDSs in its optimum logistics service bringing. Furthermore. Red Star Express provides support with more than merely bringing and return of goods. It besides collects hard currency from clients who chose to pay in hard currency upon bringing. and remits these financess to Sabunta. This saves the company costs associated with hard currency direction. d. Recruitment of Required Personnel Another envisaged challenge was handiness of skilled local labour. Give the hapless province of Nigeria’s I. T. substructure and edification. the company was unsure of the handiness of I. T related skill sets to transport out Rocket’s theoretical account as practiced in assorted other markets. The company was nevertheless relieved to happen competent local endowment. Sabunta. com operates with a 100 % local I. T squad. capable of transporting out maps required by the Rocket theoretical account. 7. Challenge Despite Sabunta. com successes. the company faces a myriad of challenges. most of which consequence from differences between Rocket’s states of operation and the Nigerian market. Some of these challenges include: a. Challenges Resulting from Socio-Cultural and Socio-Economic Differences Unlike successes gained in recruiting and keeping local forces. Sabunta. com has non been able to keep its international staff. Over 70 per centum ( 70 % ) of Sabunta’s international staff who started out with the company left within two ( 2 ) months. The ground? Inability to acclimatise to the Nigerian environment with peculiar respects to the type of readily available nutrient every bit good as the deficiency of or the high costs of. basic comfortss such as nutrient. H2O. regular electricity supply. wellness services. cooking gas. transit. cyberspace connectivity. etc. Other grounds for the going of international staff included wellness concerns. As at August 2012. over 90 per centum of international staff who resumed operations with the company ( in June 2012 ) were diagnosed with malaria. a tropical disease most had neer experienced. Unanticipated costs and clip associated with replacement and developing international staff continues to blight Sabunta. com. B. Challenges Resulting from Unavailability of Infrastructure. Bing an e-commerce company. Sabunta. com nucleus operations involve the usage of the cyberspace. Consequently. the company requires dependable and ( sooner ) inexpensive cyberspace connectivity and power. Yet. neither internet connectivity nor power supply exists cheaply or faithfully in Nigeria. Nigeria generates and distributes less than 4. 000Megawatts – hardly plenty to function the nation’s power demands and ensuing in frequent power outages. Sabunta. com spends over N640. 000 ( ˆ3. 200 ) per month on Diesel to fuel their stand-by generators. and is invariably plagued with this high cost of power. The company besides has high cyberspace connectivity disbursals – N450. 000 ( ˆ2. 250 ) per month for a bandwidth size of 4/4Mbps. Even with such immense amounts spent on internet connexion. Sabunta. com continues to see less than optimum services from Nigerian cyberspace service suppliers. c. Challenges Resulting from Legislation A cardinal constituent of Sabunta’s scheme is offering a broad scope of international trade names in Nigeria. utilizing stock held by sister companies around the universe. Research and surveies of Nigerian importing Torahs suggested that importing of manner stock into Nigeria would be comparatively easy. This left the company vulnerable to the daze it received when the first set of drop-shipment was seized at the airdrome by the Nigerian Customs Service ( NCS ) . The NCS claimed that the goods contained points that were contraband in Nigeria. Sabunta responded by taking such points from their offerings – aroma and aromas. . Notwithstanding its response. Sabunta continues to confront of all time present menaces associated with prohibitions on importing of manner related points including fabric. leather. vesture. and places. Nigerian history reveals frequent policy alterations and incompatibilities with regard importing of goods into the state. long identified as a major cause of failure of concerns in Nigeria. Another challenge faced by Sabunta from the Nigerian statute law is the limitation placed by the CBN on the sale of Foreign Exchange to companies and single except for particular intents like the importing and exportation of goods and services and besides the payment of services abroad. This meant that Sabunta had to purchase foreign exchange at a higher monetary value in the black market to settle all its international staff’s wage and other payments which were denominated in US dollars. ( Official rate is 1 $ =159Naira as against the black market rate of 1 $ =163Naira ) . d. Challenges Resulting from Corrupt Practices. Despite the absence of contraband. Sabunta’s direction continue to see holds in the release of their cargo by Nigerian Customs functionaries. Further enquiry revealed that the logistic company they employed ( FEDEX ) to manage importing of their goods did non hold a good relationship with the Customss functionaries due to the company’s enforced policy of non offering payoffs as is the order of the twenty-four hours. Sabunta’s direction continue to see and accordingly to stay watchful to the changeless menace of deceitful and corrupt patterns that plaque concern in Nigeria. The company continues to confront the challenge of local concern spouses who try to cut corners and deliver less. Prior to partnering with FEDEX. a Nigerian messenger company was chosen and partnered with for local bringing. Similar to FEDEX’s aggregation and remittal of hard currency. the messenger company collected payment from clients on bringing. However. the company often fell short of its duties in footings of timing and sum of hard currency remitted. The messenger company besides failed to describe accurate figures collected from clients. and till day of the month. owe Sabunta over 40 % of payments collected. Sabunta was speedy to acknowledge this job and fleetly partnered with FEDEX for its logistics services. Nevertheless. other beginnings of corrupt patterns persist particularly from little independent service suppliers. This is peculiarly so with craftsman related services such as plumbing. equipment fixs and office care. and are frequent beginnings of lost financess or delayed services to Sabunta. 8. SABUNTA’S FUTURE: THE Amalgamation Plans are presently being made for a amalgamation with Kasuwa. Rocket Internet’s other company in Nigeria. besides launched in June 2012. to organize Jumia. The amalgamation is expected to ensue in the biggest e-commerce retail merchant in Nigeria – a one-stop store for all merchandises related to manner and electronic points. The new web site. Jumia. com. will offer a wider assortment of international trade names. utilizing schemes presently employed by Sabunta. Jumia is intended to supply benefits associated with graduated table such as price reductions and dickering power ( in relation to providers ) . while turn toing current challenges faced by both companies. They include: a. Staffing: The amalgamation is expected to cut down the figure of needed staff. This will ensue in the decrease of salary disbursals and will ensue in the demand for fewer international staff. In other words. international staff who have acclimatized to Nigeria from both companies may go on to supply required services to Jumia without the demand to enroll and retain new staff. B. Office Space: The amalgamation is expected to ensue in shared office infinite at a cost smaller than the combined cost of Sabunta and Kasuwa’s current office cost. c. Fueling and Power: Similar to the consequence on office infinite. the amalgamation is expected to ensue in fueling and power costs that will be smaller than the combined current cost of both companies current fueling and power demands. d. Internet Connectivity: More than merely decrease in costs. the amalgamation is expected to ensue in Jumia’s ability to buy larger bandwith sizes straight from cyberspace suppliers in South Africa. Europe. and North America. This will turn to the undependability of internet connectivity presently faced by Sabunta and Kasuwa. e. Repair and Maintenance: It is expected that the larger Jumia will be able to spouse with big and dependable suppliers of office and equipment fixs therefore extinguishing little service suppliers who have corrupt or undependable patterns. 9. RECOMMENDATIONS 11Doing a proper market research and analysis When come ining a foreign market. it is recommended that a house carry out proper market research and analysis on that market prior to entry. Exceed on the list is an environmental analysis that needs to be taken besides. There are unmanageable forces which are external forces upon which the direction has no direct control. and it can exercise an influence. There are besides Internal forces which are governable forces upon which the direction to accommodate to. 12Form Strategic Alliances When come ining a foreign market. it is recommended that a steadfast forge strategic confederation to enable them acquire the undermentioned * Great synergism with the partnering local company. * Opportunity to entree assets that are non readily available in the market. * Access to larger market and engineering for little companies. 11 Jusuf Zekiri and Biljana Angelova. Factors that Influence Entry Mode Choice in Foreign Markets. European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 22. Number 4 ( 2011 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eurojournals. com/EJSS_22_4_12. pdf. accesses August 2012. 12 Mihaela Belu. Schemes of Entering New Markets. The Rumanian Economic Journal. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rejournal. eu/Portals/0/Arhiva/JE % 2027/JE % 2027 % 20- % 20Belu % 20Caragin. pdf. accessed August 2012. Appendix 1 Mobile Money In NigeriaMobile money as the name implies is the transportation of pecuniary value from one person’s Mobile phone to another. It has been made moving ridges and affected commercialism greatly in certain parts of eastern Africa where it was launched in 2009. In Nigeria. the CBN ( Central Bank of Nigeria ) . granted licence to 11 nomadic money operators in 2011. The CBN rolled out the Mobile money run in Lagos State. Nigeria commercial nervus centre in January 2012. and planned establishing it around the federation by 2013. The CBN besides put in topographic point some inducements for utilizing the Mobile money services. by puting charges for Bank hard currency minutess above 500. 000 for persons and 1million naira for companies. | Appendix 2 Economicss of Lagos StateLagos State is the commercial nervus Centre of Nigeria. Located in the western portion of Nigeria. it is home to over 18million people and has over 2. 000 industries. 65 % of the country’s commercial activities are carried out in the province. Two of the nation’s largest havens -Apapa and Tin-Can Ports are located in Lagos State. | Appendix 3 Income Distribution of the Nigeria Population in 2010 Nigeria Population in 2010-156. 051. 000 ( Beginning: International Monetary Fund – 2011 World Economic Outlook ) This study shows the distribution for seven groups within the Nigerian Population in 2010. Percentage of population in income bracket of 0-500 PPP Dollars –55. 68 % Percentage of population in income bracket of 500-1000 PPP Dollars-28. 22 % Percentage of population in income bracket of 1000-2500 PPP Dollars- 14. 61 % Percentage of population in income bracket of 2500-5000 PPP Dollars- 1. 17 % Percentage of population in income bracket of 5000-10000 PPP Dollars- 0. 17 % Percentage of population in income bracket of 10000-20000 PPP Dollars- 0. 05 % Percentage of population in income bracket of 20000+ PPP Dollars- 0. 1 % Source-Marketline analysis based on information from National Statistical Organization

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Missions and Omissions

Missions and Omissions Missions and Omissions Missions and Omissions By Mark Nichol The words listed and defined in this post all stem from the Latin verb mittere, which means â€Å"send.† They have in common the element mit (or miss). To admit (literally, â€Å"send to†), for example, is to allow something to enter or be sent in, though the word also pertains to acknowledging or conceding something. Such a concession is also referred to as an admission, while in addition, admission is the process or state of allowing entrance or the fee paid for entrance, and admissible means â€Å"able to be admitted† (usually in a legal context). To commit (â€Å"send with†) is to obligate or pledge oneself or another to a task, to entrust for safekeeping, or to promise resources; it also applies to carrying out a crime or to placing someone in a mental hospital or in prison. An obligation or pledge, or an act of entrusting or placing, is a commitment, while the enactment of a crime is a commission. That word also pertains to a group of people convened to accomplish a task (a commissioner is an individual given such a charge); committee is a cognate synonym. Commission also applies to a fee paid to an agent or an employee for selling something and to an authorization given to someone, as in the conferral of military authority and rank. As a verb, it applies to making an assignment or order or preparing a vessel for operation. Emit (â€Å"send out†) usually is employed in the context of giving out energy such as light or heat, or a scent. In addition, one may emit a sound, and something officially issued may be emitted. On who does so is an emitter, and an emission is something sent out; the term usually applies to exhaust fumes from a vehicle. To omit (â€Å"send out,† from the notion of sending it so that it is not included) is to leave out; something excluded is an omission. To permit (â€Å"send forward†) is to allow, and the word serves as a noun describing documentation allowing something to be done or to happen, while the authority granted to do something is permission. Remit (â€Å"send back†) pertains to sending something (such as money) or to canceling a debt or other obligation. The word is also a noun referring to an area of authority or responsibility, while the noun remission not only refers to canceling or reducing something but also to an improvement of health. (In this case, a patient is said to be in remission.) Submit (â€Å"send under†) means â€Å"place under control of another† or â€Å"refer to another for consideration†; the act of doing so in either sense is submission. (That word also pertains in the second sense to the thing submitted.) Transmit (â€Å"send across†) pertains to conveying something (such as a disease) or conducting energy or sending a message in the form of electric signals. In addition to serving as the noun form for these senses, transmission pertains to the system of parts that conveys power to a vehicle. (Informally, car mechanics and enthusiasts use the nickname tranny in this sense, though the word is also a sometimes pejorative truncation of the word transvestite.) Definitions for less common descendants of mittere follow: To demit (â€Å"send down†) is to resign or to withdraw from membership or office, to intermit (â€Å"send between†) is to discontinue, to manumit (â€Å"send from one’s hand†) is to release from slavery, and to pretermit (â€Å"send past†) is to let pass, neglect, or suspend. Demit has no forms in other parts of speech, but intermittent means â€Å"at intervals† or â€Å"seasonally,† an intermission is an interruption (usually, a scheduled break in the midst of a live performance or a film screening), and manumission is a synonym for emancipation (which shares an element meaning â€Å"hand†), or freeing from slavery. Pretermission is synonymous with omission. A subsequent post will detail members of the mittere family in which the root is disguised. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts"Owing to" vs "Due to"10 Terms for the Common People

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Business Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Research Methods - Essay Example It is often difficult to obtain good advice and supervision for research in a steel company with low productivity where job security is very low among the employees. Good advice and supervision (for trainees) or peer review (for experienced researchers) are a key to successful research. Inadequate planning This is often related to poor advice. All stages of the project need to be planned in detail. There is nothing worse than getting halfway through data collection, and then realizing that things should be done slightly differently. Or even worse collecting a whole load of data and then realizing that one do not really know how to analyze it. Methodological error Many questions in Job Satisfaction survey are rather complex. The Method has to match the question. If not, there will be problems in analyzing the results. Premature data collection It is very tempting to design a data collection form and start collecting data as soon as possible. However this is always a mistake. A lot of energy and enthusiasm is wasted by premature data collection. A Structured Approach has to be adopted to avoid this pitfall. Underestimate of time / resources required Research projects always take much longer and are always much harder. A good rule of thumb is to estimate within the time and resources that you have available, play safe and ask a smaller or different question. Lack of motivation Completing a research project is hard work. It takes energy, enthusiasm and staying power from the employees. In a steel company with low productivity, one cannot expect the employees to be enthusiastic. Not asking a focused question This is the commonest reason that projects fail, with the usual error being to attempt to answer a question that is too big and too general. Obtaining a... It is very tempting to design a data collection form and start collecting data as soon as possible. However this is always a mistake. A lot of energy and enthusiasm is wasted by premature data collection. A Structured Approach has to be adopted to avoid this pitfall. Research projects always take much longer and are always much harder. A good rule of thumb is to estimate within the time and resources that you have available, play safe and ask a smaller or different question. Completing a research project is hard work. It takes energy, enthusiasm and staying power from the employees. In a steel company with low productivity, one cannot expect the employees to be enthusiastic. This is the commonest reason that projects fail, with the usual error being to attempt to answer a question that is too big and too general. Obtaining a concrete answer to a small and specific question is much better than attempting to obtain an answer to a 'big question'. This is also called a dichotomous scale and takes the form Yes and No questions. The Major draw back of this type is that it can be applied for demographic responses or where a dichotomous response is adequate. Analysis is almost negligible for these types of scales. This scale is appropriate when there are multiple options but only one answer is sought.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

The Iraq War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Iraq War - Research Paper Example The primary rationale of military intervention in Iraq as was articulated by the joint congress resolution stated that it was necessary to remove the regime of Saddam Hussein because it was developing and had previously used weapons of mass destruction (WWD), supporting and harboring terrorists and was committing serious human rights abuses (Gordon, 156). It was also argued that it was important to change rogue regimes in the Middle East to starve the support for militant Islamic extremists in the region. The U.S led invasion of Iraq however relied on the authority given by the UN Security Council Resolution that required the international community to employ all the necessary means of compelling the then Iraqi regime to comply with the international obligations. Despite the fact that the United Nations Inspectors did not find any prior evidence of WMD, the U.N resolution was nevertheless issues based on the argument by some inspectors that they could not verify the accuracy of the I raqi declarations regarding the weapons in its possession. Preparations for the military intervention in Iraq began as early as 2001 after President Bush highlighted the intention of the U.S government to change the regime of Saddam Hussein. ... 2003, the rhetoric by the Bush administration against the Iraqi regime increased culminating to the February 2003 presentation of evidence of Iraqi WMD program by Colin Powell to the UN Security Council (Gordon, 89). There was however significant dispute within the U.S military intelligence regarding the accuracy of the conclusions that Iraq had stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. The senate went ahead and approved the joint resolution thereby giving the Bush administration the necessary legal basis to launch the U.S led invasion of Iraq. The resolution reiterated the need to replace Saddam Hussein’s government and promote democratic replacement. Opposition to the Iraqi invasion however increasingly grew after the joint resolution with critics questioning the legitimacy of the invasion and legality of the war. Protests against the Iraqi war were also witnessed in several parts of the United States. In October 2002, the former U.S president Bill Clinton criticized the pl anned war and warned about the potential dangers of such pre-emptive military actions. Dominique De Villepin, the former French Foreign Minister also argued that military intervention was the last solution and should not be carried out. Meanwhile a number of anti war protests were organized in many parts of the world denouncing the decision to wage war against Iraq. The first coalition military operation began in July 2002 when a team of members of CIA special activities division and the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) entered Iraq and began making preparations for the invasion by conventional allied forces. Their initial tasks included carrying out reconnaissance missions, identifying targets and persuading Iraqi commanders to surrender rather than opposing the invasion. On March 20,

Sunday, November 17, 2019

We are not free- Really Essay Example for Free

We are not free- Really Essay â€Å"Freedom is what you do with what’s been done to you,† said French philosopher, Jean-Paul Sartre. This is how majority of people live day to day without realization that they are. According to Webster’s dictionary freedom is defined as, â€Å"the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. â€Å" We the people believe that we are â€Å"free† when, in fact, we are not entirely free. The freedom we possess does not exactly match the given definition; instead, it matches up with Sartre’s quote. We have altered the definition of freedom due to the society we live in. Based off of how we live and what circumstances have been placed on us, we work around it and create our own version of freedom. Our lives are greatly affected around the rules placed by the government and the expected guidelines that society imposes on us to restrict true individual freedom and change our idea of freedom. Though our government, the Government of the United States of America, gives us many freedoms (freedom of speech, religion, press, etc), we are still not wholly free. Without laws and rules chaos would arise, however; with them we are not completely free to do as we please. For instance, we do not have the freedom to drive a car as fast as we feel. We have laws and rules restricting how we can drive. But, if we think within our given restrictions, then we see ourselves as free. We can freely transport ourselves in our own vehicle when we want to where we want, but we must do so under the laws given. Another restriction the government has placed on driving is that a vehicle must have insurance on it to be driven legally. The freedom of choosing whether or not you want car insurance is out of the question. Driving a car itself is limited only to those over the age of sixteen. Anything that requires a license is restricted by the government, for example, owning a weapon. Not everyone has the individual freedom to own a gun unless approved by the government. Age restrictions are also placed on the people, restricting what they can do. If one is younger than eighteen he or she cannot purchase or consume tobacco products. If one is under the age of 21 he or she cannot consume alcohol. For instance, I, an 18 year old, cannot legally walk into a store and purchase a bottle of liquor, yet drink one. Individual freedom is restrained, for instance, no one can ingest certain drugs in his or her own body and no one can prostitute themselves. Some actions people choose to do with their own bodies are not tolerated. Money is also a restriction on what we can do. It may not be directly affected by the government, however, we are given money from the labor we put into society to spend as we choose, only under the restriction that we pay our taxes. The government has put laws on the citizens of its country that restrict many freedoms they have, if not obeyed than one is punished with fines or jail time; therefore we are not absolutely free. Besides written laws, society places unwritten rules that hold us back from doing and saying what we want. We are expected to talk and act a certain way. Unofficial guidelines are pushed onto us, keeping us from being free. We are given â€Å"freedom of speech† but does that really give us the freedom to say whatever we like to whomever we like? We are expected to behave in a manner that does not let us be free. It is okay for a student to approach a teacher and scream at them? It is okay to harass someone? It is okay to cut in front of a line you have been waiting in for hours? In the society we live in the answer to these questions are no. If a student chooses to disrespect their teacher he or she will be sent down to the principal’s office for punishment. Harassing another person could cause others to look down on you as an individual. Choosing to cut in front of another in a line would displease those having to wait longer causing disorder between all the people and the â€Å"cutter†. This is what happens in the society we live in and no one is happy with the results that come with these actions. Children do as their parents tell them; students do as their teachers tell them; workers do as their bosses tell them, because in this society we all follow some sort of higher power, which is expected. Even if we may not want to do as our higher powers tell us, we still do so because we are not free to disobey without any penalty. We are not entirely free to do as we please due to the fact that negative consequences are presented if we disobey society’s â€Å"rules. † The laws forced on us through the government and higher powers and expectations placed on us through the society we live in, hinder our true potential freedom. We like to think of ourselves as â€Å"free people† and a â€Å"free nation,† when in fact, we are not really free. We do not realize how we are not truly free and follow what Sartre had said. We think of freedom as doing as we choose with what has already been done with us; laws, rules, regulations. These are all constraints on our actions which does not meet the definition of freedom. Whatever we do has some sort of restraint pulling us back from doing what we want. Just because we have some freedoms does not ultimately make us free individuals.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Tri-State Water Wars: Impact on Metropolitan Atlanta’s Future Growth Es

Tri-State Water Wars: Impact on Metropolitan Atlanta’s Future Growth â€Å"Whiskey is for drinking. Water is for fighting.† - Mark Twain Metro Atlanta is on a collision course with reality – and the shock of this collision will have profound political and economic implications for future growth throughout the Southeast. The core problem is that Atlanta’s runaway growth will soon outstrip the available water supply (Corps, 1998). And if Atlanta continues to increase its water consumption until the maximum limits are reached, the effects on downstream users will become catastrophic, both economically and environmentally. Without multi-state agreements concerning changes in usage patterns, this could bring about intervention by the Federal courts that would effectively halt Atlanta’s development until the usage disputes were resolved. By comparison, some western states water lawsuits have lasted for decades, typically freezing usage patterns â€Å"as is†. (Barr, 1999) The southeast can ill afford to have Atlanta – the region’s single largest engine of economic growth – brought to a standstill because of this issue. The root cause of the entire regional problem is the combination of Atlanta’s high growth and an inadequate water supply. No US city as large as Atlanta is founded on a river as small as the Chattahoochee. (NY Times) If Atlanta were the size of Birmingham, there would be no crisis whatsoever. In addition, the lack of a usable underground aquifer system in North Georgia limits the options for expanding the available supply. (ITT) The underlying granite subsurface prevents the formation of large underground water reserves, which are often a significant water source for other large cities. Only by transfe... ...raci. â€Å"Conservation helped avert more severe water limits.† USA Today. July 16, 2002 Web Sites: â€Å"Tri-state pact essential to growth.† Congressman Bob Barr. May 24, 1999, official web site http://barr.house.gov/newsdescr.asp?RI=435 â€Å"Atlanta's Unquenchable Thirst Sparks Dixie Water War.† By Marcello Ballve, Pacific News Service, Mar 11, 2002 http://www.pacificnews.org/content/pns/2002/mar/0311water.html â€Å"Tri-State Water Wars.† Southern Environmental Law Center http://www.selcga.org/originals/water_wars/water_wars.shtml â€Å"The Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa Water Deal: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly.† By Brad McLane, Executive Director, Alabama Rivers Alliance http://www.alabamarivers.org/tristatewars.htm ITT Industries – Guide to Global Water issues Atlanta and the Southeast, by Charles Seabrook http://www.itt.com/waterbook/atlanta.asp

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Women Leadership

WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP Leadership: A simple definition of leadership is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Put even more simply, the leader is the inspiration and director of the action. He or she is the person in the group that possesses the combination of personality and skills that makes others want to follow his or her direction. In business, leadership is welded to performance. Effective leaders are those who increase their companies‘ bottom lines. To further confuse the issue, we tend to use the terms â€Å"leadership† and â€Å"management† interchangeably, referring to a company's management structure as its leadership, or to individuals who are actually managers as the â€Å"leaders† of various management teams. Is a leader born or made? While there are people who seem to be naturally endowed with more leadership abilities than others, all believe that people can learn to become leaders by concentrating on improving particular leadership skills. 1. A leader plans. 2. A leader has a vision. 3. A leader takes charge . A leader shares her vision 5. A leader inspires through example. Women Leadership: When modern feminists movement emerged it dint feature much discussion of leadership. There was virtually no analysis of what feminist leadership might entail. Because leadership has been largely a privilege of men, and feminism focused on women. It is understandable that study of leadership dint have much sali ence. Feminists wanted to understand the women‘s experiences and routes of women‘s oppression. Psychologists is particular have neglected study of women. Therefore, new topics emerged – sexual harassment, rape, math anxiety, family violence and the politics of reproductive rights, to name just a few. To study leadership is it in organizations or in politics would have meant focusing on men. The discovery and development of women focus topics made a good sense. Much has changed. Women are now far more common in ranks of leaders. For example, women occupy 24% of chief executive positions in United States (U. S Bureau of Labor Statistics- 2006). They constitute 44% of school principles (U. S National Center for Education Statistics, 2005) and 21% of college and University presidents (Corrigan, 2002). It makes sense that feminists find the study of leadership appropriate now that it addresses the experiences of women as well as men. Although women remain rare in the corporate leadership and greatly under presented in politics, women‘s increasing presence in these and other leadership roles raises many questions about their functioning as leaders. When it comes to leadership, does gender matter? Is there a difference between women leaders and men who lead? Characteristics that distinguish women leaders from men in leadership: ? Women leaders are more assertive and persuasive, have a stronger need to get things done and are more willing to take risks than male leaders. ? Women leaders were also found to be more empathetic and flexible, as well as stronger in interpersonal skills than their male counterparts enabling them to read situations accurately and take information in from all sides. ? These women leaders are able to bring others around to their point of view because they are leading feel more understood, supported and valued. Four specific statements about women's leadership qualities: ? ? ? ? Women leaders are more persuasive than their male counterparts. When feeling the sting of rejection, women leaders learn from adversity and carry on with an â€Å"I'll show you† attitude. Women leaders demonstrate an inclusive, team-building leadership style of problem solving and decision making. Women leaders are more likely to ignore rules and take risks. This evidence – that the leadership style of women is not simply unique but possibly at odds with what men practice – begs the question: Do these qualities have value in the marketplace? Is this type of leadership welcomed by society and by the public and private sector? Differences between women and men leadership: There are several key ways in which people respond differently to women and men who are leaders. Conflicting, sets of expectations, high-profile women leaders in the United States are relentlessly held to a higher standard than their male counterparts. ? Different Responses to Women and Men in Leadership Roles Researchers have identified four key ways in which female and male leaders elicit different responses from those around them. These different responses appear to be due, not so much to different leadership behaviors by women and men, as to the stimulus value of women or men in these roles. A woman leader stimulates a different reaction than a male leader because of learned expectations, shaped and supported by the surrounding social structure, that invalidate and undercut women‘s attempts to be effective, influential, and powerful. ? Women are expected to combine Leadership with Compassion—and are disliked when they don’t Researchers have long found that people think ? male? when they think ? leader?. Because of perceived incompatibility between the requirements of femininity and those of leadership, women are often required to ? soften? their leadership styles to gain the approval of their constituents. Women who do not temper their agency and competence with warmth and friendliness risk being disliked and less influential. Women who lead with an autocratic style are the targets of more disapproval than those who enact a more democratic style; men may choose the autocratic style with relative impunity, if they are effective leaders. Often requires the application of a ? harder? eadership style, they are disliked and disparaged. ? People do not listen to or take direction from women as comfortably as from men The stereotype that women are more talkative than men is unsupported by evidence. Women report that they do not feel listened to, that when they speak in meetings their comments and suggestions are ignored or belittled—and that the same comments or suggestions from men have more impact. Field studies of small group meetings in organizations show that women leaders are targets of more displays of negative emotion than men leaders, even when both sets of leaders are viewed as equally competent. Women who promote themselves and their abilities reap disapproval Women who act more confident and assertive than is normative for women run the risk of disapproval. Research demonstrates that when women promote their own accomplishments it can cause their audience to view them as more competent—but at the cost of viewing them as less likeable. Men who promote their own accomplishments do not reap the same mixed outcomes: as long as they do not overdo it, self-promotion brings them both higher evaluations of competence and likeability. ? Women require more external validation than men do to be accepted as leaders in some contexts In competitive, highly-masculinized contexts, simply having leadership training or taskrelated expertise does not guarantee a woman‘s success unless accompanied by legitimating by another established leader. Gender stereotypes interfere with observers‘ ability to see women‘s competence; it is sometimes necessary to for a high-status other to provide them with credibility. Qualities of Women Leader: ? Committed. ? Outspoken. ? Enthusing. ? Vivacious. ? Happy. ? Creator. ? Charismatic. ? Lively. ? Talented. ? Friendly. ? Free-Spirited. ? Outgoing. ? Measured. ? Reflective. ? Spirited. ? Open and Honest. ? Determined. ? Cheerful. Altruistic. ? Keeping my interests ? Feisty. ? Inspirational. ? Trustworthy. ? Positive. ? Forthright. ? Energetic. ? Passion. ? Inspiring. ? Supportive. ? Optimistic. ? Cosmopolitan. ? Impressive. ? Eclectic. ? Fair. ? Hardworking. ? Confident. ? Assertive. ? Caring. ? Articulate. ? Humorous. to my self. ? Complex. ? Resilient. ? Calm. ? Spar kling Women Empowerment: ‘Women's empowerment' is the ability to exercise full control over one's actions. The Government of India had ushered in the new millennium by declaring the year 2001 as ‘Women's Empowerment Year' to focus on a vision ‘where women are equal partners like men'. The last decades have witnessed some basic changes in the status and role of women in our society. There has been shift in policy approaches from the concept of ‘welfare' in the seventies to ‘development' in the eighties and now to 'empowerment' in the nineties. The Constitution of India grants equality to women in various fields of life. Yet a large number of women are either ill equipped or not in a position to propel themselves out of their traditionally unsatisfactory socio-economic conditions. Leaving a meager number of urban and sub-urban women, Indian women are still crying for social justice. A review of government's various programmes for women empowerment such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha, Streeshakti, Balika samrudhi yojana and another two thousand projects reveal that little has been done or achieved through these programmes. The discrepancy in the ideology and practice of the empowerment policy of women in India constitutes its continued social, economic and social backwardness Empowerment would not hold any meaning unless they are made strong, alert and aware of their equal status in the society. The need of the hour is to improve female literacy as education holds the key to development. Empowerment would become more relevant if women are educated, better informed and can take rational decisions. The greatest challenge is to recognize the obstacles that stand in the way of their right to good health. To be useful to the family, community and the society, women must be provided with health care facilities. They should be provided with proper wages and work at par with men so that their status can be elevated in society. In recent years there have been explicit moves to increase women's political participation. The Women's reservation policy bill is however a very sad story as it is repeatedly being scuttled in parliament. In the Panchayati Raj system, however, women have been given representation as a sign of political empowerment. There are many elected women representatives at the village council level. However their power is restricted, as it the men who wield all the authority. Their decisions are often over-ruled by the government machinery. It is crucial to train and give real power to these women leaders so that they can catalyst change in their villages regarding women. All this shows that the process of gender equality and women's empowerment still has a long way to go and may even have become more difficult in the recent years. The main reason for the contradiction is that, targeted schemes tend to have only limited impact when the basic thrust of development is not reaching an average woman, making her life more fragile and vulnerable. To make a positive change basic infrastructure should be provided in every village and city. To begin with, providing safe drinking water supply and better sanitation not only directly improved the lives and health of women but also reduces their workload in terms of provisioning and ensuring such facilities. An access to affordable cooking fuel reduces the need to travel long distances in search of fuel wood. Improved transport connecting villages with each other and with towns can also directly improve living conditions as well as unpaid labour time spent in transporting household items. It can also lead to access to a wider range of goods and services plus a better access to health facilities. Expenditure on food subsidy and better provisions for public distribution services directly affects the lives of women and girl children in terms of adequate nutrition. The patterns of resource mobilization by government also have significant effects on women that are usually not recognized. When taxes are regressive and fall disproportionately on items of mass consumption, once again these tend to affect women more. This is not only because the consumption of such items may be curtailed but also because the provisioning of such items is frequently considered to be the responsibility of the women of the household. Also credit policies reduce the flow of credit to small-scale enterprises thus reducing the employment opportunities for women. There is a need to have womenfriendly economic policies that can enhance their social and economic position and make them self-reliant. There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of women's emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share. Impact women leaders contribute to business: ? There are three key drivers why businesses are interested in women today: leadership, talent and markets. There is now data and studies to prove that more women in leadership means better bottom-line performance. Fortune 500 companies with the most women at the top have a 35 percent higher return on shareholder return to equity, and a Catalyst study showed boards with more than three women on them have an 83 percent higher return to shareholder value than boards without women. It's not about women taking over everything, it's about having gender balance because that really does seem to tie into much greater profitability and striking performance financially. ? One of the most compelling reasons for an organization to pay attention to the demographic makeup of its workforce is that a diverse employee base can have significant bottom-line impact. Yet, when the issue is workplace gender balance and actualizing women's economic and leadership potential, India trails behind less developing countries. ? Oftentimes when the subject of women in business is discussed, comparisons with men are made as if men are the barometer for business. This is a false perception and false too is the language. Business is not an entity separated from life; it is an entity encompassed by life. The definitions of a business consists of a line of work, to work, a profession, a job, a trade, a position, a vocation, a field, a calling and a career. Before today, societies around the globe have claimed that women didn‘t work and therefore couldn‘t understand the parameters of ? formal? business. This misconception rivals some of the largest platitudes in history: the near-sighted earth is flat, the purposeful stork delivers babies and the perforated theory of evolution. The business world has presented itself to women as if it spoke a foreign language on an uncharted map. But the truth is that the language is fabricated and the world of business operates in a land not unknown to women. By definition, everything women do and have always done is in fact a business. Women have labored the child, harvested the crop, fed the hungry, nursed the needy and educated the willing. All of those are jobs, careers, trades, vocations and callings. Women aren‘t new to business; they‘re only new to the financial rewards. ? Today, more than ever, women are in the workplace and now own the workplace. Women have always been established in business but now they are in business for profit by way of monetary means. Today over 10 million businesses are owned or controlled by women and those businesses account for over two (2) trillion dollars in sales. That‘s an astounding number and a resounding accomplishment when all considerations are factored. This doesn‘t come as a result of women learning anything new. This is a manifestation of which women already are: industrious, innovative, instinctive and intelligent. The traits of women are not to be compared with that of men, just shared in composition of a more productive and progressive society. Every household around the world that houses women, women manage and most commonly manage well. The interactive and intuitive management style of women is a prerequisite to a thriving business and a productive workplace environment. Women-owned businesses employ almost 20 million people and steadily rising. ? There was a time not long ago when any man in a three-piece suit could qualify for a business loan. Those times are no more, as much money was lost and many laws were circumvented. The measures applied in today‘s market are far more reasonable and more accessible to female entrepreneurs. Commercial lenders and Venture Capitalists want to see that the company has done its research in that respective field. It‘s important for them to know that you have experience in this area of expertise. Another major factor will be how you intend to market the product and what the infrastructure of the company is. As you design your company, research successful companies already in that industry, introduce yourselves to other women in business and network to assist each other. Those around you that make claims of what you can‘t do must be excluded from your conversations, so that you may focus on the task at hand. Whether you are single, a single mother or married, taking advantage of free enterprise is the way to independence and interdependence. The success in business that any male has experienced is not because males possess some superior trait over women; it‘s because men have been the only players. Women can compete in any and every business. It‘s just a matter of choice and now that choice is ours. For one to operate a successful business, they must first define what su ccess is in their own terms. ? The sole reason why the numbers of women-owned businesses aren‘t more reflective of the population is because they haven‘t been encouraged to do and supported when doing so. It‘s been a blight on the world community and a recessive gene to societal growth. Today we see women straightening that crooked path and every society will become a more powerful force because of it. Yesterday, we gorged the bitterness of bigotry. Today, we taste the fruits of unity and diversity. Today, we plant the untainted seeds of effortless innovation and boundless meritocracy. Today, little girls and little boys will witness the ubiquitous talents of women in power and exalt their leadership. Young women will know they have a reasonable option before them and no law will disallow their choices. It‘s paramount that not only young women see their defined roles as unrestrained but that young men do and work in concert as we brave a new world. It‘s true: Today is the greatest day in the history of the world and tomorrow will be even better. Challenges for women leadership: In spite of decades of organization and legislative support for gender equality, it appears that there is still very much a glass ceiling facing women in many aspects of leadership. Most women gaining or holding leadership roles – whether in the workplace or in community organizations – Face many challenges and oppositions which can be very hurtful and demoralizing. Women leaders still face many unique challenges brought on by a combination of social and cultural stereotyping, gender bias, family demands and also their innate female tendencies. Women leaders still earn less in general, receive less recognition and less support especially in the male dominated, competitive corporate world but also in other professional fields, such as medicine. The most common challenges faced by women leaders are: ? The challenge of family responsibility: It is a common lament that women are expected to juggle the demands of career and family, with constant criticism from both sides for failure to achieve perfection. For women leaders, the constant struggle to balance their responsibilities in both the professional and personal arena can be overwhelming, especially given the lack of support and the constant fight they have against the obstacles generated from traditional prejudices and gender stereotyping. In the greatest majority of break ups it is the woman who leaves. She leaves because her needs weren‘t given sufficient weight in the relationship. However still men around with a 1950‘s masculinity are happy for their women to work if they can manage it around all their other commitments at home. They expect their working wives to do everything that their stay -at-home mothers do. ? The challenges from personal inclinations: For many women, learning to operate and succeed in a male dominated world means having to learn to over ride or ignore their more feminine inclinations. When the women get overwhelmed by the responsibility of looking after everyone and everything, these men offer no support except to tell their wives that they will have to quit their job if they can‘t cope. ? Woman has a potential and power to be a leader. However women often lack opportunities skills and resources for realizing their potential. Much of women‘s leadership over the centuries has been invisible because the question of leadership has been viewed through gender – biased lenses. Women have been pulling together to make something happen , but all of these have been viewed as ordinary and domestic work, performed in the private sphere that did not qualify for leadership. So the first challenge is to make women‘s leadership visible. ? Gender biased lenses see leadership as happening in the ? public sphere ? hich was for generations and still is to an extent the domain of men. Ironically even women have and still reinforce this bias, which is an indication that the way we are socialized determines how we think and act. a very big challenge is becoming aware that we need new lenses that will make us see thing differently. How to overcome the challenges faced by women in leadership: When we have seen each other 's work we learned the value of different work and further understood the roles of women in disasters and communities and how to strengthen their leadership. Leadership has no gender does it? May be women are more conscious of themselves, they can lead as well as men. The Leader at home is mostly a woman who have created talented children, built savings, assets and they can built Nation with character 1. The philosophy of Panchayati Raj is deeply steeped in the tradition and culture of rural India and is by no means a new concept. ?The rationale behind the concept is to involve the public in local planning, identification of beneficiaries, decision making and proper implementation of policies and programmes of the people as described by them. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) have today the basic commitment towards rural development. 2 . Panchayati Raj, as a system of governance, has had its ebbs and flows in the Indian polity ever since Indian attained independence. Various committees headed by Balwant Rai Mehta, Ashok Mehta, V. P. Naik, P. B. Patil, G. V. R. Rao, L. N. Singhvi overhauled these institutions which gave necessary impetus to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. Gender equality and gender equity are emerging as major challenges in the global development debate. Social scientists and development activists are giving increasing emphasis to these fields in their agenda for research and development. 4 As Noble Prizewinning economist Amartya Sen has pointed out, ? Democracy is not only the goal of development, it is the primary means of development. 5. Women‘s participation in political processes is important for strengthening democracy and for their struggle against marginalisation, trivialisation and oppression. Emergence of women as a strong group would change the prevailing political practices, the nature and content of debates in the legislature and women‘s issues can be taken care of from the feminist perspective both in policy formulation and implementation. .6. In fact, right from the days of the freedom struggle the Indian women have been consistently encouraged to take part in active politics. But due to the vitiated political milieu, resulting from increasing politicization and criminalization of politics, he level of political participation of women has been adversely affected despite the fact that there has been a marked increase in the level of literacy and political awareness among women. . India is perhaps the first country to recognize this social fact underlined by Lenin on the International Working Women‘s Day in 1921,8 and to have taken concrete measures to draw women into leadership positions and thereby into politics by giving them one-third reservation in wha t may now be called the third tier of governance—the Panchayati Raj. The constitutional amendment providing one-third representation to women in elected bodies as well as reserving one-third of the offices of chairpersons for them will have far-reaching consequences in Indian political and social life. Now, some general observations can be made regarding the role of women in grassroots level governance. It has come to the notice that the percentage of women at various levels of political activities has increased formally. The general trend is that those in politics are women belonging to the younger age-group between 25-45. It is also revealed that women take up political career as an extension of their domestic role. While women have been active in mass movements, their presence is not felt in decisionmaking. The influence of the husbands and close relatives is quite palpable. This tendency is due to lack of confidence. This dependency is a stumping block in their empowerment. ?Another positive impact of the grassroot level experiment is the increase in the female literacy rate. Studies reveal that after two years of their election to PRIs, many women demanded literacy skills and also felt the need to educate their daughters. Issues in which women representatives generally take interest are drinking water supply, primary health, child care, public distribution system and environmental protection. One quality observed among women representatives is their patience to hear the problems of the public. They also work in adverse circumstances. It has been observed that women representatives are honest and accurate in presenting issues to the decision-making bodies and authorities. Women would bring new ideas in local governance. They believe in a sustainable development and their emphasis is on natural resources management. Women representatives working at the grassroot level also believe that communal harmony is an important element of development and they strive to achieve this objective. Another promising fact is that they do not indulge in corrupt practices. The elected women have exhibited their leadership in solving some of the local problems and creating facilities for betterment of the rural society. Women are considered an extremely pivotal point in the process of change in the rural areas. Women‘s participation in panchayats provided opportunities to women to participate in the decision-making process. Women‘s participation proved to be the most effective instrument in bringing about a change in their way of life in terms of economic well-being and adoption of new technology. Women‘s entry into PRIs, both as members as well as heads of Panchayats, has pushed them into the policy-making and policy-implementation process in a very big way. Whether their husbands, fathers, brothers or other relatives compelled them to take up these roles, or whether they assumed these roles as dummy incumbents, one thing is certain: they crossed the rigid boundaries drawn through their households by the same male relatives. omen are leading in ensuring that families function well and have necessities for development. Women are running the ? Caring Industry,? by managing the well being of the sick, the children and the elderly etc. Women are resolving conflict and finding solutions for issues in communities, whether it is getting clean water in a village or a streetlight fixed to prevent ch ildren and pedestrians from being knocked down by cars. Women throughout history have always been making priorities, budgets, and action plans. Women have as managers of families and communities to the management of our nations, our businesses, religious institutions and our world. This is about making the personal public and the private political. It is about tearing down the walls of dualism and discrimination. Negotiating to ensure that women are in positions at every level of public governance beginning from kindergarten through parliaments, businesses all the way to the United Nations require strong women-led politically-motivated civil societies to support their leaders and hold them accountable. Advocacy work ust show that both women and men must work together for common good. There has to be a critical mass of women in leadership so that they can be companions with each other and allow themselves to be what they want or be allowed to be themselves and not to prove themselves . The first sign of success is when the women pioneers in leadership have space and voice to be visible on their own terms and to practice their leadership in positions commensurate with their skills . Female leadership including the skills that mothers use to manage sibling fights there will be possibilities for new beginnings. We should have more women in politics. workshops are essential to train potential leaders as well as encourage the ones who are successful at the local governance level to enter the State Assemblies and National Parliament. More women should participate in political system to set an example for the entire world by efficiently working on issues that are close to their heart?. Top 10 women leaders in India: ? Pratibha Patil- Pratibha Devisingh Patil, the current President of India, is the first woman to hold the office. She was also the first woman Governor of Rajasthan (2004-2007). ? Vasundhara Raje Scindia- Vasundhara Raje, the daughter of Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia and Jivaji Rao Scindia of Gwalior, entered the politics in 1984. Besides being the first women Chief Minister of Rajasthan, she was the Minister of State for External Affairs. ? Uma Bharti- Uma Bharti held various state-level portfolios in India including Youth Affairs & Sports, Human Resource Development, Tourism and Coal & Mines. ? Sushma Swaraj- Sushma swaraj, a lawyer by profession, was elected as a member of Rajya Sabha in 1990. Later, she became the Minister of Information and Broadcasting and president of Hindu Sahitya Sammelan for Four years. ? Sonia Gandhi- Sonia Gandhi, the President of the Indian National Congress Party (NCP), was married to Rajeev Gandhi in 1969. Now a widow of former Prime Minister of India, Sonia was named the sixth most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine. ? Mehmooba Mufti- Mehmooba Mufti, the president of the Jammu and Kashmir people Democratic Party, is the daughter of the former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohmmad Sayeed. Brinda Karat- Brinda Karat was the first women member of the Communist Party of India. ? Mamta Banerjee- Mamata Banerjee is the founder and chief executive of the All India Trinamool Congress Party. Later, she was also made the Youth Affairs and Sport, Union Minister of State for Human Resources Development and Women and Child Development. ? Sheila Dixit- Sheila Dixit, belonging to the Indian National Congress, is the Chief Minister of Delhi since 1998. ? Mayawati Kumari- Mayawati Naina Kumari, the current Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, is the highest income tax payer among all politicians in India. Besides these top 10 women leaders in India, Late Indira Gandhi has also been an epitome of leadership in India. References: Women and Leadership – Jean Lau Chin, Bernice Lott, Joy K. Rice http://www. emergingwomenleaders. org/ http://books. google. co. in/books? id=ZyhRWzTm_RwC&pg=PR4&lpg=PP1&ots=IPACfy zBWQ&dq=women+leadership#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www. emergingwomenleaders. org/2009/11/women-leadership-and-personalityinsights-form-the-myers-briggs-type-indicator/ Team Members: V. Ashwini Reddy Mala Mankotia Manjusha. P Ramya Sree Rashmi Kumari G. Swetha Reddy R. Swathi Sree Usha Kiran